Wolf Hall

Excitement about royal Tudor England is everywhere in anticipation of the televised adaptation of Hilary Mantel’s Booker prize-winning novels Wolf Hall and Bring Up The Bodies beginning this week on the BBC .

Henry VIII above the Great Gate, Trinity College

Here in the Wren Library we have a number of manuscripts which belonged to King Henry VIII. His libraries, housed in several locations including Hampton Court and Westminster, grew from a number of sources: books inherited from earlier monarchs, in particular the Burgundian manuscripts collected by Edward IV; gifts, often presented to him at New Year, by those seeking patronage; books belonging to his wives which were added to his collection and books confiscated from those charged with treason.

From around 1527 onwards many books added to the libraries related directly to Henry’s concerns about the validity of his first marriage to Katherine of Aragon. The Epistola Cardinalibus Missa, for example,  was bound by Henry’s binder and presented in his name at the legatine trial (which examined the case of the annulment of the marriage) in 1529. This is Trinity Manuscript B.15.19.

Title Page, B.15.19

Henry’s “Great Matter” eventually led to the Act of Supremacy (which recognised Henry as the Supreme head of the Church of England) in 1534. Thomas Cromwell was appointed vicegerent charged with ensuring acceptance of the supremacy and in this role he also acquired a great number of  books for the royal library following the dissolution of the Monasteries. From the Wren collection these include O.2.24, O.4.7 and O.4.1. Other texts at Trinity from the Royal Libraries are B.14.10, O.7.40, O.3.14 and O.4.44.

For further discussion of the Libraries see Carley, James P., The Libraries of King Henry VIII, The British Library (London, 2000).

 

Labours of the Month: January

Kalendar page for January. Trin MS B.11.31, f.1r

Happy New Year! This year we will be featuring the Labours of the Months from a few of our medieval Books of Hours at the beginning of each month.

Books of Hours were popular devotional texts in the middle ages. That is, they were produced for the laity rather than monastics or clergy and as such they were as richly decorated as the patron could afford. The Kalendar page for January pictured above is typical of Books of Hours, with painted miniatures showing the presiding zodiac sign and the Labour of the Month. The pages list important Saints’ Feast Days and other important dates in the Christian year, very often in red and blue and sometimes gold, as seen above.

To start the year off as we mean to continue, January’s labour of the month is feasting (in case you didn’t get enough of that in December). Feasting figures in Books of Hours are often shown sitting in front of a fireplace, showing that it was decidedly a time of year for indoor pursuits. There were several feast days in January, most significantly Epiphany or Twelfth Night, celebrating the revelation of Christ to the Magi and marked the end of the Twelve Days of Christmas. It was celebrated throughout the medieval Christian world, though the date varied depending on local tradition and which calendar was used (usually 5th January).

Image of a man feasting in front of a fireplace from Trin MS B.11.31, f.1r

In medieval England, celebrations for Twelfth Night veered toward the anarchic and pagan, with the Lord of Misrule – appointed by chance to whoever found a bean in their slice of cake – presiding over the feast and giving orders as the rigid hierarchy was turned on its head. Other traditions from this time of year included Wassailing, based on the Anglo Saxon toast Wæs þu hæl, meaning “Be thou hale” or “Be in good health”. In the house-visiting Wassail tradition, peasants visited the home of their Landlord and sang carols in return for sweets or drink. Any Landlord found to be stingy with his “good cheer” was subject to curses and vandalism.

In cider-producing regions of England there was a variant of Wassailing known as Orchard-visiting Wassials. Participants went out to apple orchards and sang and drank to the health of the trees. They would make a racket to frighten away evil spirits and pour cider onto the roots of a tree as a sacrifice to ensure that the orchard would prosper in the coming year.

Aquarius, the zodiac sign for January, pouring water from a jug, from Trin MS B.11.31, f.1r.

So this January leave those austere New Year’s Resolutions behind and instead feast in front of a fire, sing to your favourite apple tree and hope that there’s a bean in your slice of cake.

January – a man sits in front of a cooking pot in a canopied fireplace. Below, Aquarius pouring water from a jug. From Trin MS B.11.22, f.1r

The images in this post come from Trin MS B.11.31, a 15th century French Book of Hours, and Trin MS B.11.22, a 13th century Flemish Book of Hours, both beautifully illuminated exemplars of their time periods.